8+Genetics+&+Reproduction

**8th Grade: Genetics, Reproduction & Evolution **


Key Idea 2: Organisms inherit genetic information in a variety of ways that result in continuity of structure and function between parents and offspring Key Idea 3: Individual organisms and species change over time Key Idea 4: The continuity of life is sustained through reproduction and development** ||~  ||
 * = **Month** || **February/March** ||~  ||
 * = **Duration** || **4 Weeks** ||~  ||
 * = **Content** || **Genetics, Reproduction, Evolution: Cloning, Genes, Chromosomes & DNA, Genetics, Fossils, Natural Selection** ||~  ||
 * = **Key Ideas** || **Standard 4: The Living Environment
 * = **Standards** || * //**Performance Indicator 2.1: Describe sexual and asexual mechanisms for passing genetic materials from generation to generation**//
 * **2.1a: Hereditary information is contained in genes. Genes are composed of DNA that makes up the chromosomes of cells.**
 * **2.1b: Each gene carries a single unit of information. A single inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one pair or by main pairs of genes. A human cell contains thousands of different genes.**
 * **2.1c: Each human cell contains a copy of all the genes needed to produce a human being.**
 * **2.1d: In asexual reproduction, all the genes come from a single parent. Asexually produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent.**
 * **2.1e: In sexual reproduction typically half of the genes come from each parent. Sexually produced offspring are not identical to either parent.**
 * **//Performance Indicator 2.2: Describe simple mechanisms related to the inheritance of some physical traits in offspring.//**
 * **2.2a: In all organisms, genetic traits are passed on from generation to generation.**
 * **2.2b: Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. Some traits are inherited by mechanisms other than dominance and recessiveness.**
 * **2.2c: The probability of traits being expressed can be determined using models of genetic inheritance. Some models of prediction are pedigree charts and Punnett squares.**
 * **//Performance Indicator 3.1://** //**Describe sources of variation in organisms and their structures and relate the variations to survival**//
 * **3.1a: The processes of sexual reproduction and mutation have given rise to a variety of traits within a species**
 * **3.1b: Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms with a particular trait. Small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate in successive generations so that descendants are very different from their ancestors. Individual organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and have offspring than individuals without those traits.**
 * **3.1c: Human activities such as selective breeding and advances in genetic engineering may affect the variations of species**
 * **//Performance Indicator 3.2://** //**Describe factors responsible for competition within species and the significance fo that competition**//
 * **3.2a: In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources.**
 * **3.2b: Extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to permit its survival. Extinction of species is common. Fossils are evidence that a great variety of species existed in the past.**
 * **3.2c: Many thousands of layers of sedimentary rock provide evidence for the long history of Earth and for the long history of changing lifeforms whose remains are found in the rocks. Recently deposited rock layers are more likely to contain fossils resembling existing species.**
 * **3.2d: Although the time needed for change in a species is usually great, some species of insects and bacteria have undergone significant change in just a few years.**
 * **//Performance Indicator 4.4://** //**Observe and describe cell division at the microscopic level and its macroscopic effects**//
 * **4.4a: In multicellular organisms, cell division is responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair. In some one-celled organisms, cell division is a method of asexual reproduction.**
 * **4.4b: In one type of cell division, chromosomes are duplicated and then separated into two identical and complete sets to be passed to each of the two resulting cells. In this type of cell division, the hereditary information is identical in all the cells that result.**
 * **4.4c: Another type of cell division accounts for the production of egg and sperm cells in sexually reproducing organisms. The eggs and sperm resulting from this type of cell division contain one-half of the hereditary information.**
 * **4.4d: Cancers are a result of abnormal cell division.** ||  ||
 * = **Relevant Vocabulary** || **genetics, reproduction, evolution, cloning, genes, chromosomes & DNA, inheritance, hereditary, punnett squares, pedigrees, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous, hybrid, pure bred, fossils, natural selection, survival of the fittest, adaptation, variation, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, extinction, competition** ||  ||
 * **RESOURCES ** ||  ||
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 * **<span style="display: block; color: rgb(222, 18, 18); text-align: center;">Additional Resources ** || ||